References:
Understanding Grammar and Using English Grammar - Betty S Azar
425 AZA U C.9
Meeting I
Word in Sentence
Sentence
A sentence at least consist of S + P
Predicate can be :
§ to be
§ Verb
§ Modal
A sentence : uses to be , * Verb (in reverse)
Ex: She is diligent student.
Parts of Sentence:
o Subject?
o Predicate?
o Object?
o Complement?
o Adverb?
Verb
SUBJECT
|
To Be
|
Verb
|
Do/Does
|
Has/Have
|
I
You,We,They
He, She, It
|
Am
Are
Is
|
V1
V1
V es/s
|
Do
Do
Does
|
Have
Have
Has
|
I) Direct Objects
1. Find action verb
2. Ask “who?” or “what?” after the action verb.
Example: Sandy sings a song.
1. Action verb? = Sings
2. Sang who? Sing what? = a song
Example: They visited Kuta Beach.
1. Action verb? = Visited
2. Visited who? Visited what? = Kuta Beach
That means that “Kuta Beach” is the direct object.
II) Indirect Objects
1. Find the action verb
2. Ask “who?” or “what?” after the action verb.
The indirect object will come after the action verb.
The direct object will come after the indirect object.
Sentence pattern will always be S – V- IO- DO
Example: Mom gave me a cookie.
1. Action verb?
2. Gave who? Me. Gave what? Cookie.
“me” is the indirect object and “cookie” is the direct object.
Example:
S V IO DO
Sue gave Jack a valentine.
Kinds of Sentences
Statement / Affirmative.
Imperative [!]
Interrogative [?]
MeetingII
Noun
What is a Noun?
Noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.
Ex: Philosophyis of little comfortto the starving.
Function of NOUN
A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjectiveor an adverb.
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns refer to things that we can count. Such nouns can take either singular or plural form.
Example: I saw an apple tree. (Apple trees can be counted)
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns refer to things that we cannot count. Such nouns take only singular form.
Abstract nouns are uncountable.
Examples: The price of freedom is constant vigilance.
Possessive Nouns
In the possessive case, a noun or pronoun changes its form to show
that it owns or is closely related to something else. Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a combination of an apostrophe and the letter "s."
example:
�� The red suitcase is Catalina’s.
�� The only luggage that was lost was prime minister's.
�� The miner's face was covered in coal dust.
�� The bus's seats are very uncomfortable.
�� The bus seats are very uncomfortable.
�� Felicia Ramos's poetry was once more popular than Celina Valerie’s.
�� Felicia Ramos' poetry was once more popular than Celina Valerie's.
INDEFINITE NOUNS
Not “unique”
No specific reference for speaker/ reader (the speaker or writer does not know or does not expect the listener to know: Which…?)
-He saw a new movie. (singular)
-He saw new movies. (plural)
Meeting III
Pronoun
Use pronoun for make the sentences less cumbersome and less retentive
Kinds:
- personal
- demonstrative
- interrogative
- relative
- indefinite
- reflexive
- intensive
-
1. Personal pronoun => refer to specific person or thing
Subjective : I, you, they, we, he, she, it
Objective : me, you, them, us, him, her, it
Possessive : mine, yours, theirs, ours, him, hers, its
2. Demonstrative Pronoun
Singular (Present)
|
Plural (Past)
|
This
|
These
|
That |
Those
|
3. Interrogative => is used to ask question
- who : who will meet me in Sonya’s birthday party?
- whom : whom o you think we should invite?
- which : which one do you prefer for this dress
- what : what should we eat for dinner?
Whomever, whichever, whatever, etc
4. Relative => to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause
Who : used for people
Which : used for things
That : used for both and things
Whose : used for possessive
5. Indefinite => pronoun referring to an identifiable
Everyone had his fishing pole.
Some had their fishing poles.
Everyone had their fishing pole.
6. Reflexive => ised when subject and object are the same
I washed myself.
Karolyn dressed herself.
Juno brushed his teeth.
Yuki shampooed her hair.
7. Intensive Pronoun => used to emphasize its antecedent
Ex : myself believe that aliens should abduct my sister
The Prime Minister said that he would lower taxes
Meeting IV
Articles
Example:
A comet appears to have a tail as it streaks through the sky.(unspecific)
A comet was seen in the western sky last night. (specific)
The – class / A – unspecific:
Ex :
The lion sleeps much of the day. (unspecific – the class)
A lion sleeps much of the day. (unspecific – any one)
All / The – specific:
Ex:
Salami is very salty. (unspecific – all in general)
The salami I just cut is very salty. (specific)
Meeting V
Determiners
SINGULAR NOUNS
|
PLURAL & MASS NOUNS
|
Singular nouns require some kind of marker. A noun phrase with a marker is called a "determined noun phrase". bird – noun (N) ; a bird – noun phrase (NP)
|
Plural count nouns do not require but can take a determinative marker. A noun phrase without a marker is called a "bare noun phrase". Noncount (mass) nouns
|
MARKER NAME FUNCTION NOUN PHRASE IDENTIFIERS
1. the, a
Ex: I called a friend. We'll ask the friend (that you called).
2. this, that, these, those
Ex: Ask this friend. / Go and ask that friend. He was calling all night. This angered them.
3. my, his
Ex: My friend is here. My brother's friend is here. California's history...
4. all, both
Ex: All friends want loyalty. All your friends called back.
Both parents called back. Both (of) my parents called back.
5. each, every
Ex: Each friend called back. (definite group) / Every friend wants loyalty.
6. some, any
Ex: Some friends called back. / Did any friends called back?
7. either, neither
Ex: Either friend will call back. / Either of my friends will call back.
8. no (none)
Ex:Not one friend called back./ None of my friends called back.
9. another
Ex: Another friend called back./ Another of my friends called back.
10. a few, a little, several
Ex: Few/ A few friends called back. / A few of my friends called back.
11. many, much, few, little
Ex: Did many friends called back? / Did many of your friends called back?
12. enough, sufficient
Ex: We have enough food. / We have sufficient food.
13. which, what, whichever, whatever
Ex : You can have whatever color you want. You want which size? I'll tell you what time we're leaving. Take which umbrella you prefer.
15. such, what
Ex: Such friends are hard to find. / What friends you have!
Meeting VI
Preposition
1. I read in the newspaper that a new sports-shoe store opened (nothing) downtown.
2. I got off the bus in front of the store.
3. I sat down on a chair and took off my shoes.
4. I tried on a few pairs of shoes.
5. I took a moment to think over my choices.
Meeting VII
Adjective
An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun
Ex:
- He is tall man
- The hungry children ate fruit
- Many stores have already begun to play melodious Christmas music
Kinds:
1. Possessive Adjective (my, your, our, etc)
2. Demonstrative Adjective (this, these, that, those)
3. Interrogative Adjective (what, who, where, when, which, how)
4. Indefinite Adjective (many, each, al, much)
Deggress off adjective:
Chloe is rich woman. However, Celina is richer than Chloe. Moreover, Shelley is the richest woman in town.
Adverb
He spoke freely. (modifies a verb)
He is very smart. (modifies an adjective)
He teaches quite creatively. (modifies an adverb)
He stopped exactly on time. (modifies a preposition phrase)
Suddenly, everyone started clapping. (modifies a clause)
He moved silently. (verb)
He was purposefully silent. (adjective)
Quietly, he turned the dial on the safe. (sentence)
Meeting VIII
Modal
Modal example:
Could, may, should, might, will, must, would,
To express the ability : can
ex : She can sing well
To express the possibility : may, might ,
ex : you may to use my laptop when I don’t use it
To give a suggestion : should
ex : she should take the English course.
To express the command : must/ had to
Ex : I must study hard to pass the final exam!
Modal Forms
Modal Simple
I could swim at the beach
| Passive Modal Simple
The room should be cleaned one a day
|
Modal Continuous
I could be swimming at the beach right now
| Passive Modal Continuous
The room should be being cleaned now
|
Modal Perfect
I could have swim at the beach yesterday
| Passive Modal Perfect
The room should have been cleaned yesterday
|
Modal Perfect Continuous
I could have been swimming at the beach instead of working in the office
| Passive Modal Perfect Continuous
The room should have been being cleaned, but nobody was there.
|
Meeting IX
Simple Sentence
Following simple sentence => S+V (1 clause)
* compound sentence : subject more than one
* compound verb : verb more than one
Compound sentence (a independent clause)
coordinators : for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
Ex :
1. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping
2. Alice is doing homework, and Tya is playing piano
3. We can’t go to home nor we can’t go to mall
Compound Adjective
Ex: The beautiful girl is talking with the handsome man right now
Compound Adverbs
Ex: she dance well and beautifully
Parralel Structure (joined by a coordinate conjunction with two noun)
Ex: I need to talk with the manager or the assistant manager
Complex Sentence (1 independet clause and dependent clause)
Coordinator : because, since, after, although, when, so that, anywhere, whenever, or relative pronoun (that, who, which, if, useless, whereas)
Ex:
- the teacher returned the homework after she notice the error
- the teacher returned the homework after she notice the error
- when he handled in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page
- the students are studying because they have a test tomorrow
Meeting X
Conjunction and Paired Conjunction
Paired conjunctions
(both, and) , (either, or), (neither, nor), (not only, but also)
Ex: both, and
I love dancing. I love singing
I love both dancing and singing
Ex: not only, but also
Carole love go to church. So do Marsha
Not only Carole but also Marsha love go to Church
Ex: either, or
I can join with you Monday, because I’m free. On Saturday I can go to home earlier.
I can join with you either Monday or Saturday.
Ex: neither, nor
Hillary dislike to drink coffee. She dislike to drink milk too.
Hillary dislike to drinks neither coffee nor milk.
Conjunction (because, since, after, although, when, so that, anywhere, whenever, that, who, which, if, useless, whereas)
a. Because. Ex: I love him because he is so smart
b. Since. Ex: My parent stay in Paris since they have a project there
c. After. Ex: wash your hands after dinner
Meeting XI
Adjective Clause
Function : explain the noun
Ex:
The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table
S V O Conj. Adj.clause
subdinator: that, who, which, whom
ex :
The man whom we saw works nearby
The man whom Celia brought to the party is standing over there
I know the man whose bicycle was stolen
Te city where we spent our vacation was beautifull
Meeting XII
Noun Clauses
Ex:
I know Latin. (NOUN)
I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language. (NOUN CLAUSE)
Connector:
When
|
Indicates a time
|
Where
|
Indicates a place
|
Why
|
Indicates a reason
|
Who
|
Indicates a person (subject)
|
How many
|
Indicates a quantity
|
Whose
|
Indicates a possession
|
Whom
|
Indicates a person (object)
|
That
|
Indicates a fact
|
What
|
Focuses a fact
|
Meeting XIII
Adverb Clause
Adverb:
The Premier gave a speech here
Adverb Clause:
The premier gave a speech where the workers were striking
Conj. Adv
Adverb Clause
- Cause : because => answer the question “WHY”
- Effect : so that => answer the question
- Time : after, before, since => answer the question “WHEN”
- Place : In => answer the question “WHERE”
- Condition: If => answer the question under what conditions
Constrarst
- Although
- Eventhough
- As much as
- Where as
Ex:
Will it rain tomorrow? (I wonder if/whether it will rain tomorrow)
Is data type important? (Can you tell me if/whether data type is important?)
Meeting XIV
Review
source: my lecturer
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar
komentar sih boleh . malah bagus ... tapi yang sopan ya :)